PERÚ – El calentamiento global, una bendición en el desierto… por ahora

Guillermo Agricultura, Sudamérica954 comentarios

Algunas zonas desérticas en Perú se han beneficiado por el deshielo glaciar, pero ¿qué pasará cuando se detenga el flujo del agua?

El desierto ahora florece. Moras azules crecen en la arena hasta tener el tamaño de pelotas de ping-pong. Los cultivos de espárragos se extienden a lo largo de varias dunas y desaparecen en el horizonte.

Los productos del desierto son enviados a lugares como Dinamarca o Delaware, Estados Unidos. La electricidad y el agua potable ahora alcanzan pueblos que antes no tenían acceso. Muchos agricultores se han mudado a la zona desde las montañas, en busca de nuevas oportunidades en esta tierra.

Puede que suene como un proyecto de desarrollo perfecto, pero la razón por la cual fluye tanta agua por este desierto es que un glaciar en la cima de las montañas está derritiéndose.

Y puede que la bonanza no dure mucho más.

“Si desaparece el agua, tendremos que regresar a como era antes”, dice Miguel Beltrán, un agricultor de 62 años a quien le preocupa qué sucederá cuando vuelva a reducirse la cantidad de agua a la que tienen acceso.

“La tierra estaba desierta y la gente, hambrienta”.

El cambio climático ha sido una bendición aquí en Perú, pero pronto podría volverse una maldición. En las últimas décadas, el deshielo glaciar en los Andes ha generado una fiebre de oro en la parte baja del río, al resultar en la irrigación y cultivo de más de cuarenta mil hectáreas de tierra desde los años ochenta.

Pero es un beneficio temporal: el flujo de agua ya se ha reducido y los expertos estiman que la capa de hielo habrá desaparecido para 2050.

En el camino al glaciar de Pastoruri, en Áncash, Perú, hay una fotografía de cómo se veía hace treinta años el sitio.Tomas Munita para The New York Times
El canal madre del proyecto de irrigación Chavimochic corre a lo largo del desierto, al sur de Trujillo, Perú. Tomas Munita para The New York Times

A lo largo del siglo XX varios proyectos públicos de desarrollo enormes, implementados desde Australia hasta países en África, han intentado dirigir agua hacia tierras áridas. La parte sur de California, Estados Unidos, era matorral hasta que llegó agua por medio de canales, con lo que se desató la especulación sobre el valor inmobiliario en las llamadas “Guerras de agua” que son retratadas en la película de 1974 Chinatown.

Sin embargo, el cambio climático amenaza estos proyectos al reducir la extensión de los lagos, diezmar los acuíferos y disminuir los glaciares que alimentan los cultivos. En Perú, el gobierno irrigó el desierto y lo convirtió en tierra arable por medio de un proyecto de 825 millones de dólares que, para dentro de unas décadas, estará en seria amenaza.

“Estamos hablando de la desaparición de torres de agua que está congelada que han dado sustento a poblaciones grandes”, dijo Jeffrey Bury, profesor de la Universidad de California en Santa Cruz que ha dedicado años al estudio del deshielo de glaciares y sus efectos en la agricultura peruana. “Esa es la gran pregunta respecto al cambio climático en estos momentos”.

La situación ha preocupado a Perú por mucho tiempo. La civilización moche hizo grandes proyectos hidráulicos y construyó ciudades en el mismo desierto peruano, pero terminó por colapsar conforme se elevó la temperatura del Pacífico, lo que mató a peces y provocó inundaciones severas, de acuerdo con arqueólogos.

Ahora la amenaza es la disminución en los niveles de agua. Más de la mitad de Perú yace sobre las cuencas del Amazonas, pero pocas personas están asentadas ahí. La mayoría están en la costa árida, lejos de la lluvia que abunda en la cordillera de los Andes. Esta región, que incluye Lima y en la que vive el 60 por ciento de la población peruana, solo alberga el dos por ciento del abasto de agua.

Los glaciares son la fuente acuífera para la mayoría de la costa durante la temporada seca de Perú, que se extiende de mayo a septiembre. Pero la capa de hielo de la Cordillera Blanca, que por mucho tiempo ha sido la fuente de abasto del proyecto de irrigación Chavimochic, se ha reducido en 40 por ciento desde 1970 y se achica a un paso cada vez mayor. Según científicos, en la actualidad pierde unos nueve metros por año.

Los agricultores a lo largo de la cuenca que va desde los picos hasta las dunas desérticas dicen que ya empiezan a notar los efectos.

La disminución de las capas de hielo ha expuesto tramos de metales pesados que estuvieron debajo de los glaciares durante milenios, como plomo y cadmio, de acuerdo con los científicos. Esos metales ahora están chorreando hacia las fuentes acuíferas, lo que ha enrojecido los ríos, ha envenenado a ganado y cultivos, y ha vuelto imbebible el agua.

Cosecha de espárragos en Trujillo. Con suficiente agua y fertilizante, los espárragos pueden crecer directamente en la arena. Tomas Munita para The New York Times

Las temperaturas en el área se han disparado, lo que también ha resultado en cambios extraños a los ciclos de cultivo, según dicen los agricultores locales. A lo largo de la última década ha sido posible cultivar el maíz –que desde la era prehispánica solo crecía una vez en las montañas– en dos o hasta tres ciclos.

Para personas como Francisco Castillo eso implicaría más ganancias, si no fuera porque ahora cunden más las pestes por el aire cálido.

En el caso de Castillo, quien planta maíz y arroz cerca de la desembocadura en Chimbote del río Santa, una lombriz fue la plaga que lo asedió a él y a sus vecinos. A principios de los años dos mil comenzó a devorar sus cultivos.

Y, el año pasado, llegaron los roedores.

“Este no era un lugar donde había ratas”, se lamentó Castillo.

Para Justiniano Daga, agricultor de 72 años, el punto de quiebre para sus cultivos de algodón fue cuando las hormigas se comieron los capullos. Este año decidió plantar caña y recorrer su producción a una mayor altura, donde hace más frío.

“Pero ahí también llega la peste” conforme aumentan las temperaturas, según dijo Daga.

Las moras o arándanos en esta terracería llegan a ser hasta cinco veces más grandes que en otras partes.

Investigadores de la Autoridad Nacional del Agua peruanas se dirigen a la zona del glaciar Queshque, parte de la Cordillera Blanca.

El proyecto Chavimochic, ubicado al norte de donde el río Santa desemboca hacia el Pacífico, es la joya de la corona de la agricultura e ingeniería civiles de Perú.

El gobierno intentó crear una agricultura de escala industrial en los desiertos del norte peruano por medio de un sistema de canales. La idea prometía generar ganancias por medio de las exportaciones a mercados en Norteamérica, Asia y Europa, donde las temporadas de diversas frutas se dan en momentos opuestos.

La primera fase del proyecto comenzó en 1985 con un canal de 80 kilómetros de largo que irrigaba un valle y proveía electricidad por medio de una planta hidroeléctrica. A principios de los noventa, Perú comenzó con la segunda fase, para irrigar dos valles más y que creó una planta de tratamiento de agua que le daba servicio al 70 por ciento de la población de la zona.

En total más de cuarenta mil hectáreas de desierto se volvieron cultivables.

“Si hace años te hubiera dado una parcela acá, habrías dicho: ‘¿Y qué hago con esto?’”, dijo Osvaldo Talavera, portavoz para la autoridad de agua. “Ahora dices: ‘¿Tienes otra parcela para mí?’”.

Entre los inversionistas del proyecto estaba Rafael Quevedo, un ingeniero y empresario acaudalado que comenzó a comprar varios tramos de tierra después de estudiar técnicas de hidroponía desértica en Israel. Su propuesta era sencilla: con suficiente agua y fertilizante podía cultivarse espárrago directamente en la arena y con cultivos que tendrían mayor rendimiento que otros, como el de Estados Unidos, porque en Perú hay más sol.

“Empezamos un nuevo capítulo en la historia de los cultivos”, dijo Quevedo, que ahora dirige la empresa agrícola Talsa.

Los arándanos azules crecen a un tamaño cinco veces mayor que el promedio en una ladera arenosa antes de ser enviados a China. Un tipo de espárrago blanco que le gusta a los europeos es cultivado al enterrar el tallo conforme crece. Hicieron un embalse en una duna. Aquí se cultivan más de ocho mil toneladas de productos agrícolas al año.

Sin embargo, en el nacimiento del río Santa, en la ciudad montañosa de Huaraz, el climatólogo peruano César Portocarrero ya ve los problemas al acecho.

La temperatura en el sitio de los glaciares aumentó entre 0,5 y 0,8 grados Celsius entre los años setenta y principios de los 2000, lo que, según Portocarrero, causó que se acelerara la tasa de retroceso de esos glaciares de la Cordillera Blanca.

Él y otros científicos hacen la difícil escalada varias veces al año hacia los valles glaciares, donde se topan con secciones enteras de la capa de hielo que han desaparecido. En una parte de un glaciar expuesto encontraron fósiles de huellas de dinosaurio.

Dunas en el valle Virú Tomas Munita para The New York Times

Un estudio de 2012 hecho por científicos de Estados Unidos y Canadá halló que el flujo de agua hacia el río Santa estaba disminuyendo a una tasa en la cual el río perdería 30 por ciento del agua durante la estación seca de Perú.

“Cada año hay menos agua; cada día hay menos agua”, dijo Portocarrero.

Cuando Odar Gómez fue hacia Chavimochic en busca de trabajo en 1997 era apenas la tercera persona en hacerlo de su pueblo montañoso de escasos recursos, donde muchos lograban sobrevivir con el cultivo de maíz.

Fue el principio de una ola migratoria desde la montaña hacia la costa desatada por la llegada del agua.

La ciudad de Virú pasó de tener una población de nueve mil personas en los noventa a ochenta mil hoy en día. Valle de Dios era un cañón desértico hasta que empezaron los asentamientos irregulares a principios de los años 2000.

Gómez comenzó a trabajar en Talsa y los fines de semana regresaba a las montañas para reclutar a más personas.

“Ahora en mi pueblo hay casas vacías donde se fue toda la familia”, dijo. “La gente llega de la Amazonía. Chavimochic fue la salvación”.

Carlos Santa Cruz pastorea a sus ovejas en la Cordillera Blanca, a unos 4300 metros sobre el nivel del mar.Tomas Munita para The New York Times

El agua también ha transformado la vida costera.

Hace aproximadamente una década una operación conjunta peruana-danesa instaló agua potable y electricidad en el poblado de Huanchaquito Alto, donde la empresa empleó a muchos residentes en una instalación de embalaje. El pueblo de 2500 personas ahora tiene un sistema de gestión de residuos con personas que se dedican a recoger la basura.

“Todo esto era pastizal”, dijo Édgar García, concejal de Huanchaquito Alto, al señalar una nueva plaza pública que fue inaugurada en 2016.

Mercedes Beltrán creció en San Bartolomé, donde había solo tres familias. Su abuelo pescaba en una balsa tradicional. “No había mercado, hacíamos trueques entre nosotros”, dijo Beltrán.

Ahora su familia cultiva espárragos para el mercado estadounidense y, según Beltrán, se beneficia de la competencia de quienes los compran,  que mantiene alto el precio.

Por lo que incluso el menor indicio de una baja en el flujo del río Santa provoca alarmas aquí. La planta hidroeléctrica ahora provee de electricidad a cincuenta mil personas y setescientas mil personas utilizan el agua tratada.

“En los años venideros estaremos peleándonos por el agua”, dijo Gómez.

El gobierno ha batallado para ofrecer soluciones. Una propuesta pretendía captar aguas pluviales de los Andes durante la temporada de lluvia en una represa. Pero la construcción de esta estaba a cargo de Odebrecht, la constructora brasileña que ha admitido haber pagado 800 millones de dólares en sobornos en toda América Latina, lo que ha conllevado varias investigaciones a funcionarios y empresarios peruanos.

Por lo que la represa ahora está “completamente paralizada” sin que haya señales de que vaya a reanudarse, según Miguel Chávez Castro, director del proyecto.

Por lo pronto, los planeadores continúan impulsando que haya más irrigación. Están viendo tramos desérticos más hacia el sur para la construcción de un nuevo canal que, al menos por el momento, surtiría de agua a otras veinte mil hectáreas de desierto.

Sin embargo, el concejal García, de Huanchaquito Alto, no quiere dejar nada a la suerte. Ha renovado un pozo viejo que usaba su padre para guardar agua antes del proyecto Chavimochic y está construyendo otro pozo cerca de sus cultivos de espárrago.

“Por toda esta agua nuestros hijos pudieron ir a la universidad”, dijo. “Pero si no hay agua del río Santa, cambia todo”.

“Hay que tener listos los pozos. Es como regresar en el tiempo, pero ¿qué se le hace?”.

Fuente: www.nytimes.com

Autor: Guillermo

954 comentarios

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Мы предлагаем: ремонт крупногабаритной техники в москве
Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

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