Reinterpretando la nutrición vegetal: Agua de riego como fuente de nutrientes

Guillermo Agricultura, Consejos, General2.281 comentarios

La concentración de nutrientes varía de manera drástica en las distintas operaciones de invernaderos, e influye en gran medida en la selección de sus fertilizantes.  El agua de riego rara vez contiene concentraciones suficientemente altas de los principales macronutrientes (nitrógeno, fósforo o potasio), para ser consideradas importantes en el crecimiento vegetal. No obstante, el agua contiene grandes concentraciones de los macronutrientes secundarios como calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg) y azufre (S); además de micronutrientes como boro (B).  Los nutrientes que se suministran a los cultivos son una combinación de varias fuentes, incluyendo el agua de riego, el ácido y los fertilizantes químicos. Por ejemplo, es más importante seleccionar un fertilizante que contenga calcio y magnesio si su agua de riego ya contiene 10 ppm de Ca y 2 ppm de Mg, a diferencia de si su agua contiene 75 ppm de Ca y 30 ppm de Mg.

Acidificar el agua puede añadir más nutrientes

El añadir ácidos minerales al agua de riego para neutralizar la alcalinidad también puede añadir nutrientes. El ácido Sulfúrico (H2SO4), el ácido fosfórico (H3PO4) o el ácido nítrico (HNO3) pueden ser una fuente importante de azufre, fósforo o nitrato nitrogenado (Cuadro 2). Por ejemplo, se requieren alrededor de 50 mL de ácido fosfórico al 85 por ciento por cada 375 L de agua para neutralizar 100 ppm de alcalinidad. La concentración de ácido fosfórico suministrará alrededor de 61 ppm de P a la solución nutritiva, lo cual es equivalente al fósforo suministrado por 20-10-20 a 285 ppm de N. Cambiar del ácido fosfórico a ácido sulfúrico o ácido nítrico eliminará el fósforo, pero al mismo tiempo suministrará azufre o nitrógeno a la solución nutritiva.

Iones Residuales

Algunos iones “residuales” en el agua de riego no son necesarios para las plantas, o los requisitos son tan bajos que solo se requieren pequeñas cantidades. Algunos ejemplos de estos iones residuales son el sodio (Na) y el cloruro  (Cl). Por lo general, su presencia en el agua de riego a altas concentraciones aumenta la acumulación de sales en el medio radicular. Incluso un nutriente como el calcio puede volverse un problema por la acumulación de sales, cuando su concentración es demasiado alta.

Hay varias formas de manejar el agua con alta concentración de sales y todas ellas afectan la nutrición vegetal. Una opción es lixiviar más que la tasa comúnmente recomendada de 0 al 20 por ciento. Las altas tasas de lixiviación también eliminan nutrientes del medio radicular, por lo que al aumentar la tasa de lixiviación, también deberán aumentar la concentración de fertilizantes para mantener suficiente concentración de nutrientes en el medio de crecimiento.

Cambiar la fuente de agua puede ser una opción cuando las concentraciones de sal son demasiado altas. Si no hay fuente de agua fácilmente disponible, o si no tiene suficiente capacidad, será necesario considerar dar tratamiento al agua. Por ejemplo, la purificación por ósmosis inversa (RO) eliminará la mayoría de las sales (excepto el boro), dejando el agua muy pura. Las sales en la fuente de agua también pueden ser diluidas al mezclar el agua con alto contenido de sal, con el agua con bajo contenido de sal (como el agua purificada por ósmosis inversa).

Si se cambia la fuente de agua, entonces es preciso realizar las pruebas normales, en especial la de conductividad eléctrica (EC), pH y alcalinidad, hasta que tengan plena confianza en que la nueva fuente de agua sea capaz de mantener la misma calidad. Si la EC es mayor de 0.2 mS/cm, se requerirán pruebas adicionales de laboratorio. Si la calidad del agua sufre un cambio importante, entonces reevalúen su programa de nutrición en general (acidificación, fertilizante, tasa de encalado, medios de cultivo, etc.), para asegurarse de que todos los nutrientes sean aplicados a las dosis adecuadas y que el pH de los medios de cultivo permanezca estable.

Concentración de nutrientes ideal en comparación con una concentración de nutrientes manejable

No hay agua de riego perfecta para la producción de cultivo. Cada fuente de agua presenta sus propios desafíos. Mientras la concentración de nutrientes, la alcalinidad o los iones residuales (los iones que no se utilizan para el crecimiento vegetal) en el agua de riego se mantengan dentro de un rango manejable, se pueden evitar la mayoría de los problemas; ya sea a través de un buen manejo de la alcalinidad, o al suplementar o equilibrar los nutrientes que contiene el agua, con los nutrientes suministrados por los fertilizantes químicos.

 

 

Fuente: www.hortalizas.com

Autor: Guillermo

2.281 comentarios

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